Bioplastics

01.04.2012

Englisch

9783981498110

Polymedia Publisher

Nein

Michael Thielen

100

1

Broschiert

Basics. Applications. Markets.

greenhouse gas, crude oil, packaging, climate change, petroleum, compost, oil, renewable, bioplastics, renewable resources, global warming, green house gas effect, biobased, plastic, climate, Kunststoff, compostable, greenhouse gas effect, biodegradable, Biokunststoff, mineral oil, green house gas

1 Bioplastic - what is it exactly? 6 1.1 Fundamentals 6 1.2 Bioplastics 7 1.2.1 Biobased plastics 8 1.2.2 Biodegradable plastics 8 1.3 Biobased plastics - why? 10 2 Renewable resources 12 2.1 Introduction 12 2.2 Natural Polymers 12 2.2.1 Polysaccharides (carbohydrates) 12 2.2.2 Proteins 13 2.2.3 Lignin 13 2.2.4 Natural rubber 13 2.2.5 Other 13 2.3 Other biogenic materials 14 2.3.1 Plant oils 14 2.3.2 Monomers 14 3 Biobased plastics 16 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Biobased / partially biobased 19 3.3 Modified natural polymers 21 3.3.1 Thermoplastic starch 21 3.3.2 Cellulose-based plastics 22 3.3.3 Natural rubber and thermoplastic elastomers 24 3.3.4 Lignin-based plastics 26 3.3.5 Protein-based plastics 26 3.3.6 PHA 27 3.4 Synthesised biobased polymers from synthesised biobased monomers 30 3.4.1 Biobased polyesters 30 3.4.2 Biobased polyamides 36 3.4.3 Biobased polyurethane 38 3.4.4 Biobased polyacrylates 39 3.4.5 Biobased polyolefins 39 3.4.6 Biobased thermoset resins 41 3.4.7 Other biobased plastics 42 3.4.8 Bioplastics from waste 43 4 Methods of processing plastics 46 4.1 Introduction 46 4.2 Compounding 46 4.3 Further processing 47 4.3.1 Extrusion 47 4.3.2 Blown film extrusion 48 4.3.3 Injection moulding 49 4.3.4 Blow moulding 50 4.3.5 Thermoforming 52 4.3.6 Foams 52 4.3.7 Casting 54 4.3.8 Other plastic processing methods 54 4.3.9 Joining plastic together 55 5 Applications 56 5.1 Packaging 56 5.2 Catering 58 5.3 Horticulture and agriculture 59 5.4 Medicine and personal care 61 5.5 Consumer electronics 62 5.5 Automobile manufacture 63 5.6 Textiles 65 5.7 Other 66 6 End of Life / Disposal / Closed loops 68 6.1 Recycling 68 6.1.1 Material recycling 68 6.1.2 Chemical recycling 69 6.2 Composting 69 6.3 Energy recovery or thermal recycling 70 6.4 Land fill 71 6.5 Closed loops 72 7 The market 74 8 Potential and perspectives 78 8.1 Further developments 78 8.2 Do we in fact have enough agricultural land? 79 9 Legal and regulatory background 82 9.1 Standards and certification regarding “compostability” 82 9.2 The Packaging Ordinance 83 9.3 “Biobased” standards and certification 83 10 Suggested further reading 86 11 Sources of information on the Internet 88 12 List of references 90 Index 96

211 mm

14.7 cm