Mechanics in Structural Geology

20.12.1991

Englisch

9780387976150

Springer US

Nein

B. Bayly

253

Gebundene Ausgabe

Deformation, Isostasy, fault, plate tectonics, structural geology, tectonics

RBG - Geologie und die Lithosphäre TNC - Konstruktiver Ingenieurbau, Baustatik

1 Introduction.- Mountains and Human Affairs.- Mountains and the Concepts of Mechanics.- 2 Strains and Displacements.- Linear Strain.- Summation and Integral Forms.- Strain Rate.- Logarithmic Strain.- Stretch.- Change of Area and Volume.- Rates of Change.- Conservation of Area and Volume.- Spread Ratio.- Variation of Linear Strain with Direction.- Homogeneous Strain.- Principal Axes.- Lines Inclined to the Axes.- Summary.- Shear Strain.- Distinction from Rotation.- Variation of Shear Strain with Direction.- Maximum Shear Strain.- Summary.- Laminar Materials.- Cumulative Shear Strain.- Slip Surfaces.- Linear Strain in Laminar Behavior.- Comparison with Coaxial Deformation.- Summary.- Change of Strain from Point to Point.- Folding.- Circular Arcs.- Summary.- Surface Waves.- The Mohr Circle and Partition of Strain.- The Mohr Circle.- Change of Area, Change of Shape.- Change of Volume.- Summary.- Answers.- 3 Forces and Stresses.- Relating Forces and Pressures to Daily Experience.- Relating Pressure to Depth.- Instability: Vertical Columns in Parallel but Mismatched.- Isostasy.- Force Balance, Weight Versus Pressure.- Forces Vertical.- Forces Parallel to a Slope.- Application to Glaciers.- Forces Vertical, Pressures Partitioned over Two Areas.- Weighted Mean Pressure.- Generalization.- Weighted Mean.- Force Balance, Shear Stress Versus Weight.- Force Balance, One Shear Stress and Weight.- Force Balance, Two Shear Stresses and Weight.- Force Balance, Shear Stress Versus Pressure.- Force Balance: Shear Stress, Weight, and Pressure.- Force Balance with Moving Body.- Vertical Torpedo, or Submerged Vertical Pencil.- Pyrenees.- Summary and Generalizations.- Stresses at an Interface.- Three Dimensions.- Planes Oblique to Each Other.- Change of Stress from Point to Point.- Stress Fields.- The Stress Field in a Fluid at Rest in a Gravity Field.- The Stress Field in a Fluid Subject to Gravity Plus Extra Horizontal Compression.- The Stress Field Beneath an Undulating Topography.- Summary.- Answers.- 4 Variation of Stress with Direction.- Stress on Oblique Planes.- The Calculation Process.- Stresses at a Point.- Area Ratios.- Summary.- Mohr Circle and Sine-Wave Diagram for Stresses.- Summary of Stress Relations.- Connection with Mohr Circle.- Refraction of Stress.- Generalizations.- Stress Relations in Three Dimensions.- Answers.- 5 Rheology: Relations Between Forces and a Material’s Response.- Shear Stress, Shear Strain, and Viscosity.- Is “Plate Tectonics” True?.- Summary and Comment.- Relation of GTU and GVU to Standard Units.- Normal Stresses and Linear Strains.- Shale and Limestone Layers Spreading at Different Rates.- Coherent and Incoherent Interfaces.- Summary and Comment.- A Rock Has Variable Viscosity.- Variation in Shear Stress.- Summary.- Principal Stress Inclined to an Interface.- Refraction.- Observables at an Interface.- Refraction of Cleavage.- Alternating Multilayers And Anisotropy.- Summary.- Angular Relations.- Straight-Limbed Folds.- Rounded Folds and Saddle Reefs.- Behavior of Multilayers.- Change of Volume.- Permeability.- Flow Rates.- Permeability and Darcy’s Law.- Nonuniform Pressure Gradients.- Column of Sediment.- Generalization.- Solution Transfer.- Direction of Shortening and Direction of Escape.- Special Cases.- Summary.- Answers.- 6 Parting.- Two Kinds of Parting: The Failure Envelope.- Experimental Arrangements.- Stress Magnitudes.- Attitudes of Faults and Fractures.- Inhomogeneous Rock and Thrust Sheets.- Slip on Bedding Planes.- Tapered Slab.- Wedge-Shaped Thrust Sheets.- Wedge with Inclined Base.- Effect of Pore Fluid on Parting.- Tensile Parting.- Hydrofracture and Vein Formation.- Shear Parting.- A Rock’s Response Affects Its Properties.- Effective Stress.- Tensile Parting.- Shear Fracture.- Effective Coefficient of Friction.- Summary.- Answers.- 7 Concurrent Fracture and Flow.- Links Between the Processes.- Change of Temperature and Pressure.- Summary.- A Mohr Diagram for Flow Behavior.- Stress Points.- Failure Envelope Using Stress Points.- Flow Behavior Using Stress Points.- Summary.- Effect of Pore Fluid on Flow Behavior.- Effect of Fluid Pressure on Behavior.- First Example: Strike-Slip Regime.- Flow Rates.- Summary.- Effect of Fluid Composition and Amount.- A Changing Population of Microfractures.- Fluid Amount and Microfracturing.- Concluding Example: The Pyrenees.- Assembling the Parts.- Source of the Fluid.- A Unified Mechanics.- Fluid Pulses and Dilation.- Review and Summary.- Answers.- Appendices.- A. List of Abbreviations.- B. Precision and Significant Figures.- C. Weights as Units of Force.- D. Experimental Work on Rock Deformation.- E. Books on Related Material.

0 mm