History and Precedent in Environmental Design

31.07.1990

Englisch

9780306434297

Springer US

Nein

Anatol Rapoport

540

Gebundene Ausgabe

Import, complexity, environment, development, taxonomy, evolution

PSAF - Ökologie, Biosphäre RNF - Umweltmanagement JMH - Sozialpsychologie RNA - Umweltschützer: Denkansätze und Ideologien KCP - Wirtschaftspolitik, politische Ökonomie GTM - Regionalstudien

I The Argument.- 1 • History of What?.- The Subject Matter of Environmental History.- Subdividing the Domain.- Methodological Implications.- 2 • History for What?.- Approaches to History.- Some Examples.- Implications for Theory.- 3 • What History?.- Being “Scientific”.- Broad Outline of the Approach.- Art History and Architectural History.- Changes in the Study of Art: The Case of Rock Art.- From the Study of Art to the Study of the Built Environment.- The Relation between Past and Present.- Inference.- Inference in Science and History.- Uniformitarian Assumptions.- Conclusion.- II The Supporting Arguments.- 4 • Supporting Argument 1.- The Supporting Argument from the Social Sciences.- The Supporting Argument from History.- Some Specific, Implicit Supporting Arguments.- Explicit Supporting Arguments.- The Supporting Argument from the “Historical” Sciences.- Science in General.- Cosmology.- Life on Earth—The Biological and Evolutionary Sciences.- Paleontology.- Human Evolution.- 5 • Supporting Argument 2: Archaeology/Prehistory.- A Conscious and Explicit Concern with Epistemological Issues.- Redefining the Domain.- Posing Clear and Explicit Questions.- Explicitness, Rigor, Logic, Clarity, and Precision.- Objectivity.- Rigorous Mutual Criticism.- Self-Correction, Cumulativeness, and Rapid Progress.- Need for an Empirical Base.- The Handling of Data.- Methodological Sophistication, Multiple Methods, and Taxonomy.- Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Approaches.- Search for Pattern.- Generalization, Explanation, and Theory.- Controlled Use of Analogies.- Prediction.- The Development of Theory.- Models and Model Testing.- Inference.- Some Examples.- III Case Study: Pedestrian Streets.- 6 • Pedestrians and Settings.- Environment-Behavior Studies.- Pedestrian Behavior.- Walking and Settings.- Literature Review.- 7 • The Perceptual Characteristics of Pedestrian Streets: The General and Specific Hypotheses.- Complexity.- Noticeable Differences.- Effects of Speed of Movement.- The General Hypothesis.- The Specific Hypotheses.- 8 • The Evidence: The Sample and the Method.- The Evidence.- The Sample.- The Method.- The Data.- Conclusion.- Implications of the Case Study.- What Do the Data Show?.- What Do the Data Mean?.- What Are the Implications of the Case Study?.- Implications of the Book as a Whole.- References.

254 mm

17.8 cm