Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neuronal Development

01.03.1984

Englisch

9780306415500

Springer US

Nein

Ira Black

363

1984

Gebundene Ausgabe

phenotypic plasticity, tissue, neurobiology, neurons, ontogeny, Nervous System, development, phenotype

PSAN - Neurowissenschaften MKJ - Neurologie und klinische Neurophysiologie PSAN - Neurowissenschaften

I. Embryogenesis and Morphogenesis of the Nervous System.- 1 A Model for Cell Line Divergence in the Ontogeny of the Peripheral Nervous System.- 1. Origin of Ganglion Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System.- 2. Development Fate of Neural-Crest and Their Topographic Relationship to the Central Nervous System.- 2.1. Level of the Trunk.- 2.2. Rhombencephalic Level of the Neural Crest.- 3. Developmental Potentials of the Neural Crest.- 4. Developmental Potentials in Ganglia of Neural-Crest Origin.- 4.1. Peripheral Nervous System Ganglia of Neural-Crest Origin.- 4.2 Cranial Sensory Ganglia of Mixed Placodal and Crest Origin.- 5. General Conclusions and Future Perspectives.- References.- 2 Emergence of Neuronal and Glial Cell Lineages in Primate Brain.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Historical Perspective.- 3. Evidence for Early Cellular Divergence.- 4. Heterogeneity of Proliferative Cells.- 5. Fate of Fetal Radial Glial Cells.- 6. Comparison with the Peripheral Nervous System.- 7. Summary.- References.- 3 Heterogeneity in Neural Crest Cell Populations.- 1. Neural Crest Cells Migrate and Differentiate in Response to Environmental Cues.- 2. Environmental Regulations of Neural Crest Development Has a Number of Possible Explanations.- 2.1. Many of the Macromolecular Constituents Encountered by Migrating Crest Cells are Known.- 2.2. The Developmental State of the Cells Responding to Environmental Cues is Unclear.- 3. Cell-Type-Specific Markers, Recognizing Early Phenotypic Expression in Individual Cells, are Needed to Test Alternative Hypotheses Explaining Neural-Crest Development.- 3.1. A Monoclonal Antibody (E/C8) Recognizes an Epitope Characteristic of Neural Cells and Cn be Used to Disclose a Previously Indistinguishable Crest-Cell Subpopulation.- 3.2. Monoclonal Antibodies against Specific Gangliosides Reveal Other Subpopulations with Neuronal and Glial Traits in Crest Cell Cultures.- 4. Cell-Type-Specific Markers May Permit Analysis of the Normal Time and Order of Segregation of Cells with Specific Developmental Restrictions in Neural-Crest Lineage.- References.- 4 The First Growth Cones in the Central Nervous System of the Grasshopper Embryo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Divergent Choices by the First Growth Cones in the Central Nervous System.- 3. Channel and Spaces.- 4. Growth Cones and Filopodia.- 5. MP1 Filopodia and Landmark Cells.- 6. Transmission-Electron-Microscopic Reconstructions of MP1 Filopodia.- 7. Filopodia Insertion and Induction of Coated Vesicles.- References.- II. Developmental Expression of Neuraonal Phenotypic Characters.- 5 Surface-Bound and Released Neuronal Glycoconjugates.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Surface Glycoconjugates.- 3. Spontaneously Released Proteins.- References.- 6 The Differentiation of Membrane Properties of Spinal Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of the Action Potential.- 3. Development of Electrical Uncoupling.- 4. Development of Neurotransmitter Sensitivity.- 5. Developmental Significance of Changing Membrane Properties.- 6. Roles of RNA and Protein Synthesis in Differentiation of Neuronal-Membrabe Properties.- References.- 7 The Accumulation of Acetylcholine Receptors at Nerve-Muscle Synapses in Culture.- References.- 8 Transmitter Phenotypic Plasticity in Developing and Mature Neurons in Vivo.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transmitter Plasticity in the Embryo.- 3. Transmitter Plasticity in the Neonate.- 4. Transmitter Plasticity during Maturity.- 5. Other Peptides, Other Populations.- 6. Conclusions and Prospects.- References.- III. Nerve Growth Factor as a Model Growth Factor.- 9 Mechanisms of the Promotion of Neurite Outgrowth by Nerve Growth Factor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Actions of Nerve Growth Factor on Growth Cones.- 3. Stabilization of Neurites and Effects of Nerve Growth Factor on Microtubules.- 4. Priming Model and Multiple Actions of Nerve Growth Factor.- 5. Conclusions and Possible Relevance Autonomic Dysfunction.- References.- 10 Cultured Sympathetic Neurons in the Study of Nerve Growth Factor Action.- 1. Long-Term Primary Culture of Dissociated Rat Sympathetic Neurons.- 2. Use of 125I-Labeled Nerve Growth Factor to Characterize the Nerve Growth Factor Receptor in Sympathetic Neuron Cultures.- 3. Retrograde Transport of 125I-Labeled Nerve Growth Factor in Rat Sympathetic-Neuron Cultures.- 4. Intracellular Fate of 125I-Labeled Nerve Growth Factor in Primary Neuron Cultures.- 5. Binding of 125I-Labeled Nerve Growth Factor to Cultures of Various Neural Crest and Placode Derivatives.- References.- 11 Guanethidine-Induced Destruction of Sympathetic Neurons: An Autoimmune “Disease” Prevented by Nerve Growth Factor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effects of Immunosuppressive Agents on Guanethidine-Induced Neuronal Destruction.- 3. Nature of the Small Cell Infiltrate in Sympathetic Ganglia of Guanthidine Treated Rats.- 4. Immune Reconstitution Experiments.- 5. Value of Guanethidine-Induced Sympathectomy as a Model of Autoimmune Disease of the Nervous System and of Drug-Induced Autoimmune Disease.- References.- 12 Enhanced Dependence of Fetal Mouse Neurons on Trophic Fators after Taxol Exposure in Organotypic Cultures.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Primary Effects of Taxol.- 3. Reversible Blockade of Neutric Outgrowth during Exposure to Taxol.- 4. Enhanced Nerve Growth Factor Dependence of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons after Exposure to Taxol.- 5. Enhanced Dorsal Root Ganglion Dependence of Fetal Dorsal Cord Neurons after Exposure to Taxol.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 13 The Interaction of Nerve Growth Factor with Its Specific Receptors.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nerve Growth Factor Receptors on Sensory and Sympathetic Neurons.- 3. Nerve Growth Factor Receptors on PC12 Pheochromocytoma Cells.- 4. The Question of Receptor Conversion.- 5. Effects of Lectin and Anti-Nerve Growth Fator Antibody on Nerve Growth Factor Binding.- 6. Characterization of the Molecular Sizes of the Nerve-Growth-Factor Receptor.- References.- IV. New Neuronal Growth Factors.- 14 Multiple Sites for the Regulation of Neurite Outgrowth.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Results.- 2.1. Substrate-Conditioning Factors.- 2.2. Nerve Growth Factors.- 2.3. Intrinsic Factors.- 3. Summary and Discussion.- 3.1. Substrate-Conditioning Fators.- 3.2. Nerve Growth Factors.- 3.3. Intrinsic Factors.- References.- 15 Nerve Growth Factors in Chick and Rat Tissues.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Materials and Methods.- 2.1. Bioassay.- 2.2. Preparation of Affinity-Purified Antibodies to ß-Nerve Growth Factor.- 2.3. Radioimmunoassay.- 2.4. Chromatography of Chick Embryo Extract.- 3. Results and Discussion.- 3.1. ß Nerve Growth Factor and Anti-ß Nerve Growth Factor.- 3.2. Radioimmunoassay of ß Nerve Growth Factor in the Rat Iris.- 3.3. Bioassay and Radioimmunoassay for Nerve Growth Factor in Fractions of Chick Embryo Extract.- References.- 16 Macromolecular Factors Involved in the Regulation of the Survival and Differentiation of Peripheral Sensory and Sympathetic Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Culture Systems Used for the Characterization and Purification of Neuronal Trophic Factors.- 3. Age-Dependent Changes in the Requirement for Different Survival Factors in Vitro.- 4. Potentiation of the Effect of Survival Factors by Macromolecules Bound to the Culture-Dish Substrate.- 5. Approaches to the Purification and Characterization of New Neurotrophic Factors.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 17 Trophic and Neurite-Promoting Factors for Cholinergic Neurons.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Neuronotrophic Factors.- 1.2. Neurite-Promoting Factors.- 1.3. Test Systems and Methodology.- 1.4. Factors That Address Cholinergic Neurons.- 2. Cholinergic Neurons in the Peripheral Nervous System.- 2.1. “Target”-Derived Ciliary Neuronotrophic Factors.- 2.2. Other Sources of Ciliary Neuronotrophic Factors.- 2.3. Other Agents That Influence Ciliary Ganglionic Neuronal Survival.- 2.4. Neurite-Promoting and Neurite-Inhibiting Factors.- 3. Cholinergic Neurons in the Spinal Cord.- 3.1. 4 Day Chick-Embryo Lumbar Cord Culture System.- 3.2. Trophic and Toxic Agents for Lumber Cord Neurons.- 3.3. In Vivo Model for Regeneration of Spinal Motor Neurons.- 4. Cholinergic Neurons in Brain Tissue.- 4.1. In Vivo Models for maintenance and Repair of Instrinsic Cholinergic Neurons in the Central Nervous System.- 4.2. Septal Cell and Striatal Cell Cultures.- 4.3. Trophic Agents for Septal and Striatal Neurons.- 5. Conclusions and Projections.- References.- V. Molecular Biology of Neural Development and Function.- 18 Expression of Opioid Peptide Genes in Different Species.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation and Characterization of Opioid Peptide Genes.- 2.1. Chromosomal Locations of Opioid Peptide Genes.- 2.2. Detailed Structure of the Human Proenkephalin Gene Methylation Sites and Regulation.- 2.3. Methylation of Specific CPG Sites in DNA from Different Tissues and Relationship to Regulation of Expression.- 3. Comparative Studies of Opioid Peptide Genes.- 3.1. Comparison of Proenkephalin and Yeast Pro-?-factor.- 4. Polyfunctional Proteins.- 5. Impact of Recombinant DNA Approaches on Studies of Neuropeptide Gene Expression.- References.- 19 Isolation and Characterization of DNA Sequences Coding for Mouse and Human ß-Nerve Growth Factor.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Isolation of Complementary DNA Clones That Code for Mouse Pro-ß Nerve Growth Factor.- 2.1. Characteristics of Mouse ß Nerve Growth Factor Complementary DNA.- 2.2. Localization of the Initiation Methionine Codon and Signal Sequence.- 3. Isolation and Characterization of the Human Chromosomal ß Nerve growth Factor Gene.- 4. Comparison of Human and Mouse Pre-pro-ß Nerve Growth Factor Sequences.- 5. Is ß Nerve Growth Factor a Member of the Insulin Gene Family?.- References.- 20 Linkage Analysis in Familial Dysautonomia Using Variations in DNA Sequence in the ß Nerve Growth Factor Gene Region: A Beginning.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Altered ß Nerve Growth Fcator in Dysautonomia.- 2.1. Hypothesis and Clinical Findings.- 2.2. Biochemical and Immunological Studies of Human ß Nerve Growth Factor.- 2.3. Molecular Biological Studies of ß Nerve Growth Fcator.- 3. Linkage Analysis Using Variations in DNA Sequence.- 3.1. Theoretical Considerations.- 3.2. Applications to Dysautonomia.- 4. Preliminary Studies Looking for Varations in DNA Sequence near the ß Nerve Growth Factor.- 4.1. Selection of Families and Establishment of Lymphoblast Lines.- 4.2. Screening for Varations in DNA Sequence.- 4.3. Future Characterization and Identification of Variant Sites.- 5. Use of Information Derived from Linkage Analysis of the ß Nerve Growth Factor Gene and Dysautonomia.- 5.1. If Linkage Does Exist.- 5.2. If Linkage Does Not Exist.- 5.3. Prospects.- References.- VI. Diseases of Development.- 21 Familial Dysautonomia and Other Congenital Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Familial Dysautonomia.- 2.1. Natural History.- 2.2. Diagnosis.- 3. Other Congenital Sensory Neuropathies.- 3.1. Diagnostic Differences.- 3.2. Summary.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- 22 Developmental Neurobiology of Human Diseases: Familial Dysautonomia and Related Disorders.- References.

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