Bis zu 50 % günstiger als neu 3 Jahre rebuy Garantie Professionelles Refurbishment

Derzeit nicht verfügbar

Handgeprüfte Gebrauchtware

Bis zu 50 % günstiger als neu

Der Umwelt zuliebe

Europe's Field Boundaries

Georg Müller (Gebundene Ausgabe, Englisch)

Keine Bewertungen vorhanden

Optischer Zustand

Beschreibung

Field boundaries such as hedged banks, hedges and field walls are found in widely differing forms across Europe. Mostly they enclose areas used for agriculture. Closely associated with the history of cultural landscapes, they are an important and distinctive part of the common European heritage: they are fundamental to the attractiveness of much of the countryside, with associated recreational benefits. They are also essential living space, or habitat, for many organisms. Moreover, they have many agricultural functions such as marking boundaries, controlling livestock movement and providing protection against wind and soil erosion. Dead brushwood hedges have existed for approximately 1.8 million years; stick picket fences, woven vertical branch fences and wattle fences for more than 600,000 years. Hedged banks and field walls were first introduced along with arable cultivation more than 10,000 years ago. Despite their huge importance, especially as part of our cultural heritage and for the conservation of nature and landscape, they are gradually being damaged and destroyed – a process which has been going on for decades unbeknown to the public. While carrying out my research and looking through my photographs I realised that there were many hedged banks in other countries about which very little information was apparently available. The task before me was to find out what condition they were in and what knowledge existed about them: I took the decision to include the hedged banks of the neighbouring countries of Austria, France and the Netherlands in the survey. Initially the aim of the survey, which covered a period from 1979-2012, was only targeted at recording hedged banks in Europe, later it was extended to include field walls. In the course of time, the survey was also extended to include dead brushwood hedges, wattle and other traditional fences as well as openings and passages etc. My aim was to record as many field boundaries as possible, taking pictures of them as well as collecting information. In doing so, the following questions were asked: 1. Which types of field boundaries occur in Europe? 2. What do these look like? 3. Where do they still exist? 4. How old are they? 5. What is the extent of their distribution? 6. How were they erected, from which materials, in what construction form? 7. When and for what reason were field boundaries erected? 8. Which woody growths compose their vegetation (a rough overview)? 9. How were the shrubs and trees planted and managed? 10. Which methods exist to trim and weave shrubs and trees or to bend or lay hedges? 11. How are they maintained today and in past times? 12. What is the condition of them today? 13. What is the extent of damage, and what caused it? 14. How and to what extent are new field boundaries being erected today? 15. What forms of legal protection are in place in individual countries etc? This book gives a wide ranging overview of the field boundaries found in Europe. Findings regarding the worldwide history, formation and geographical range of field boundaries are also detailed. It provides a detailed documentation of hedged banks, hedges, field walls and traditional fences based on results from a survey undertaken over a period of 30 years in which photos were taken, drawings made, descriptions written and measurements were taken. This project was solely financed by the author. The appearance, function, characteristics, condition and woody growth as well as the different uses of the field boundaries are covered in detail. So too are the methods of cutting woody growth, weaving, bending and other types of maintenance. The loss of field boundaries, the extent of damage and the causes of damage, as well as newly built examples are also described. The book is split into two volumes. The first volume provides an overview of Europe, while the second volume is dedicated to detailed descriptions of the different countries surveyed. The historical description of field boundaries ranges from the Palaeolithic Age up to the present day. The hedged banks, field walls (dry stone walls and stone banks), dead brushwood fences, stick picket fences, woven vertical branch fences, wattle fences and other traditional fences are summarised, classified and their distribution illustrated. The woody growth on the banks and field walls is assessed and standardised. The tree and woody growth is evaluated and set out in tables. In addition, about 170 different earth banks, 160 stone faced banks, 10 peat banks, 330 field walls, 240 hedge styles, 70 dead brushwood hedges, stick picket fences, vertical branch fences, wattle fences and other traditional wooden fences are depicted in diagrams. Other types are described and illustrated. The significance of hedged banks and field walls to the farming industry is also discussed as well as the economic implications of the creation of new ones. The effect of excessive cutting of woody growth on yields is also detailed. A brief overview of the international agreements and EU responsibilities regarding the protection of hedged banks and other landscape elements is given. The ecological significance of hedged banks and hedges is described with the help of examples. The numerous methods of cutting and maintenance, as well as their influence on the hedge and woody growth structure, on the organisms therein and on the character of the landscape, are presented in detail. The use of woody growth from field boundaries as a source of wood fuel and the impacts of this are also detailed. The European chapter ends with a general overview of the types of damage which affect field boundaries, the reasons for loss and also the construction of new hedge banks and field walls. This is followed by detailed information on the individual countries surveyed as presented below: 1. The country name with a photo of a typical field boundary landscape. 2. Map and description of the hedged banks and field wall survey route. 3. General information about the country. 4. Pictorial representation of typical hedge banks and field wall landscapes. 5. Brief country settlement description. 6. The section “Hedged banks, field walls (dry stone walls/stone banks)“ contains a selection of different terms connected with field boundaries which are translated from the respective country‘s language. A description of the history and development of hedged banks and field walls follows in as much detail as possible. An overview of the status of hedged banks and field walls is then given, together with an account of the appearance and types of woody growth associated with them. Information regarding maintenance methods, condition, types of damage and the legal protection status is provided. 7. The chapter “Banks and field walls“ contains illustrations of a variety of such types of boundaries. 8. Dead brushwood hedges, stick picket fences, woven vertical branch fences, wattle fences and traditional wooden fences are described in as much detail as possible. 9. This section is dedicated to passages, gateways, crossings, waterways and ditches. 10. The section “Vegetation growth“ gives an overview of the vegetation types found. 11. The Chapter “Vegetation cutting styles on hedged banks and field wall hedges“ presents information about the folding, laying and bending of living woody growth as well as various hedge styles. 12. A section ”Damage” covers the major damaging activities inflicted on hedged banks and field walls. 13. ”Maintenance“ covers, in particular, the traditional management of the woody growth on banks and field walls. 14. The description of building of new hedged banks and field walls is also presented. 15. In the ”Literature“ section documents used during the survey and in each country description is quoted. Weniger zeigen

Dieses Produkt haben wir gerade leider nicht auf Lager.

ab 24,99 €

Derzeit nicht verfügbar

Handgeprüfte Gebrauchtware

Bis zu 50 % günstiger als neu

Der Umwelt zuliebe

Produktinformationen

Technische Daten

Erscheinungsdatum

16.12.2013

Sprache

Englisch

EAN

9783944526157

Herausgeber

Neuer Sportverlag / Neuer Kunstverlag

Sonderedition

Nein

Autor

Georg Müller

Seitenanzahl

1280

Auflage

Einbandart

Gebundene Ausgabe

Buch Untertitel

Volume 1 and Volume 2

Schlagwörter

Hecken, Sträucher, Wallhecken

Höhe

297 mm

Breite

22.2 cm

Warnhinweise und Sicherheitsinformationen

Informationen nach EU Data Act

Bewertungen

-.-

Leider noch keine Bewertungen

Sicher bei rebuy kaufen

Schreib die erste Bewertung für dieses Produkt!

Wenn du eine Bewertung für dieses Produkt schreibst, hilfst du allen Kund:innen, die noch überlegen, ob sie das Produkt kaufen wollen. Vielen Dank, dass du mitmachst!