Learning Python

01.11.2007

Englisch

9780596513986

O'Reilly and Associates

Nein

Mark Lutz

746

3

Broschiert

Python, scripting language, object-oriented programming, Mac OS X Panther, Unix

Inhaltsverzeichnis Preface Part I. Getting Started 1. A Python Q&A Session      Why Do People Use Python?             Software Quality             Developer Productivity      Is Python a "Scripting Language"?      OK, but What's the Downside?      Who Uses Python Today?      What Can I Do with Python?             Systems Programming             GUIs             Internet Scripting             Component Integration             Database Programming             Rapid Prototyping             Numeric and Scientific Programming             Gaming, Images, AI, XML, Robots, and More      What Are Python's Technical Strengths?             It's Object Oriented             It's Free             It's Portable             It's Powerful             It's Mixable             It's Easy to Use             It's Easy to Learn             It's Named After Monty Python      How Does Python Stack Up to Language X?      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 20 Chapter Quiz 20             Quiz Answers 2. How Python Runs Programs      Introducing the Python Interpreter      Program Execution             The Programmer's View             Python's View             Byte code compilation             The Python Virtual Machine (PVM)             Performance implications             Development implications      Execution Model Variations             Python Implementation Alternatives             CPython             Jython             IronPython             Execution Optimization Tools             The Psyco just-in-time compiler             The Shedskin C++ translator             Frozen Binaries             Future Possibilities?      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 33 Chapter Quiz 33             Quiz Answers 3. How You Run Programs      Interactive Coding             Using the Interactive Prompt      System Command Lines and Files             Using Command Lines and Files             Unix Executable Scripts (#!)      Clicking File Icons             Clicking Icons on Windows             The raw_input Trick             Other Icon-Click Limitations      Module Imports and Reloads             The Grander Module Story: Attributes             Modules and namespaces             import and reload Usage Notes      The IDLE User Interface             IDLE Basics             Using IDLE             Advanced IDLE Tools      Other IDEs      Embedding Calls      Frozen Binary Executables      Text Editor Launch Options      Other Launch Options      Future Possibilities?      Which Option Should I Use?      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 59 Chapter Quiz 59             Quiz Answers Brain Builder: Part I Exercises 61 Part II. Types and Operations 4. Introducing Python Object Types      Why Use Built-in Types?             Python's Core Data Types      Numbers      Strings             Sequence Operations             Immutability             Type-Specific Methods             Getting Help             Other Ways to Code Strings             Pattern Matching      Lists             Sequence Operations             Type-Specific Operations             Bounds Checking             Nesting             List Comprehensions      Dictionaries             Mapping Operations             Nesting Revisited             Sorting Keys: for Loops             Iteration and Optimization             Missing Keys: if Tests      Tuples             Why Tuples?      Files             Other File-Like Tools      Other Core Types             How to Break Your Code's Flexibility             User-Defined Classes             And Everything Else      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 91 Chapter Quiz 91             Quiz Answers 5. Numbers      Python Numeric Types             Numeric Literals             Built-in Numeric Tools and Extensions      Python Expression Operators             Mixed Operators Follow Operator Precedence             Parentheses Group Subexpressions             Mixed Types Are Converted Up             Preview: Operator Overloading      Numbers in Action             Variables and Basic Expressions             Numeric Display Formats             Division: Classic, Floor, and True             Bitwise Operations             Long Integers             Complex Numbers             Hexadecimal and Octal Notation             Other Built-in Numeric Tools      Other Numeric Types             Decimal Numbers             Sets             Booleans             Third-Party Extensions      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 111 Chapter Quiz 111             Quiz Answers 6. The Dynamic Typing Interlude      The Case of the Missing Declaration Statements             Variables, Objects, and References             Types Live with Objects, Not Variables             Objects Are Garbage-Collected      Shared References             Shared References and In-Place Changes             Shared References and Equality      Dynamic Typing Is Everywhere      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 122 Chapter Quiz 122             Quiz Answers 7. Strings      String Literals             Single- and Double-Quoted Strings Are the Same             Escape Sequences Represent Special Bytes             Raw Strings Suppress Escapes             Triple Quotes Code Multiline Block Strings             Unicode Strings Encode Larger Character Sets      Strings in Action             Basic Operations             Indexing and Slicing             Extended slicing: the third limit             String Conversion Tools             Character code conversions             Changing Strings      String Formatting             Advanced String Formatting             Dictionary-Based String Formatting      String Methods             String Method Examples: Changing Strings             String Method Examples: Parsing Text             Other Common String Methods in Action             The Original string Module      General Type Categories             Types Share Operation Sets by Categories             Mutable Types Can Be Changed In-Place      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 151 Chapter Quiz 151             Quiz Answers 8. Lists and Dictionaries      Lists      Lists in Action             Basic List Operations             Indexing, Slicing, and Matrixes             Changing Lists In-Place             Index and slice assignments             List method calls             Other common list operations      Dictionaries      Dictionaries in Action             Basic Dictionary Operations             Changing Dictionaries In-Place             More Dictionary Methods             A Languages Table             Dictionary Usage Notes             Using dictionaries to simulate flexible lists             Using dictionaries for sparse data structures             Avoiding missing-key errors             Using dictionaries as "records"             Other ways to make dictionaries      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 171 Chapter Quiz 171             Quiz Answers 9. Tuples, Files, and Everything Else      Tuples             Tuples in Action             Tuple syntax peculiarities: commas and parentheses             Conversions and immutability             Why Lists and Tuples?      Files             Opening Files             Using Files             Files in Action             Storing and parsing Python objects in files             Storing native Python objects with pickle             Storing and parsing packed binary data in files             Other File Tools      Type Categories Revisited      Object Flexibility      References Versus Copies      Comparisons, Equality, and Truth             The Meaning of True and False in Python      Python's Type Hierarchies      Other Types in Python      Built-in Type Gotchas             Assignment Creates References, Not Copies             Repetition Adds One Level Deep             Beware of Cyclic Data Structures             Immutable Types Can't Be Changed In-Place      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 195 Chapter Quiz 195             Quiz Answers Brain Builder: Part II Exercises 196 Part III. Statements and Syntax 10. Introducing Python Statements      Python Program Structure Revisited             Python's Statements      A Tale of Two ifs             What Python Adds             What Python Removes             Parentheses are optional             End of line is end of statement             End of indentation is end of block             Why Indentation Syntax?             A Few Special Cases             Statement rule special cases             Block rule special case      A Quick Example: Interactive Loops             A Simple Interactive Loop             Doing Math on User Inputs             Handling Errors by Testing Inputs             Handling Errors with try Statements             Nesting Code Three Levels Deep      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 216 Chapter Quiz 216             Quiz Answers 11. Assignment, Expressions, and print      Assignment Statements             Assignment Statement Forms             Sequence Assignments             Advanced sequence assignment patterns             Multiple-Target Assignments             Multiple-target assignment and shared references             Augmented Assignments             Augmented assignment and shared references             Variable Name Rules             Naming conventions             Names have no type, but objects do      Expression Statements             Expression Statements and In-Place Changes      print Statements             The Python "Hello World" Program             Redirecting the Output Stream             The print >> file Extension      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 235 Chapter Quiz 235             Quiz Answers 12. if Tests      if Statements             General Format             Basic Examples             Multiway Branching      Python Syntax Rules             Block Delimiters             Statement Delimiters             A Few Special Cases      Truth Tests             The if/else Ternary Expression      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 247 Chapter Quiz 247             Quiz Answers 13. while and for Loops      while Loops             General Format             Examples      break, continue, pass, and the Loop else             General Loop Format             Examples             pass             continue             break             else             More on the loop else clause      for Loops             General Format             Examples             Basic usage             Other data types             Tuple assignment in for             Nested for loops      Iterators: A First Look             File Iterators             Other Built-in Type Iterators             Other Iteration Contexts             User-Defined Iterators      Loop Coding Techniques             Counter Loops: while and range             Nonexhaustive Traversals: range             Changing Lists: range             Parallel Traversals: zip and map             Dictionary construction with zip             Generating Both Offsets and Items: enumerate      List Comprehensions: A First Look             List Comprehension Basics             Using List Comprehensions on Files             Extended List Comprehension Syntax      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 276 Chapter Quiz 276             Quiz Answers 14. The Documentation Interlude      Python Documentation Sources             # Comments             The dir Function             Docstrings: _ _doc_ _             User-defined docstrings             Docstring standards             Built-in docstrings             PyDoc: The help Function             PyDoc: HTML Reports             Standard Manual Set             Web Resources             Published Books      Common Coding Gotchas      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 294 Chapter Quiz 294             Quiz Answers Brain Builder: Part III Exercises 295 Part IV. Functions 15. Function Basics      Why Use Functions?      Coding Functions             def Statements             def Executes at Runtime      A First Example: Definitions and Calls             Definition             Calls             Polymorphism in Python      A Second Example: Intersecting Sequences             Definition             Calls             Polymorphism Revisited             Local Variables      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 309 Chapter Quiz 309             Quiz Answers 16. Scopes and Arguments      Scope Rules             Python Scope Basics             Name Resolution: The LEGB Rule             Scope Example             The Built-in Scope      The global Statement             Minimize Global Variables             Minimize Cross-File Changes             Other Ways to Access Globals      Scopes and Nested Functions             Nested Scope Details             Nested Scope Examples             Factory functions             Retaining enclosing scopes' state with defaults             Nested scopes and lambdas             Scopes versus defaults with loop variables             Arbitrary scope nesting      Passing Arguments             Arguments and Shared References             Avoiding Mutable Argument Changes             Simulating Output Parameters      Special Argument-Matching Modes             Keyword and Default Examples             Keywords             Defaults             Arbitrary Arguments Examples             Collecting arguments             Unpacking arguments             Combining Keywords and Defaults             The min Wakeup Call             Full credit             Bonus points             The punch line             A More Useful Example: General Set Functions             Argument Matching: The Gritty Details      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 342 Chapter Quiz 342             Quiz Answers 17. Advanced Function Topics      Anonymous Functions: lambda             lambda Expressions             Why Use lambda?             How (Not) to Obfuscate Your Python Code             Nested lambdas and Scopes      Applying Functions to Arguments             The apply Built-in             Passing keyword arguments             apply-Like Call Syntax      Mapping Functions over Sequences: map      Functional Programming Tools: filter and reduce      List Comprehensions Revisited: Mappings             List Comprehension Basics             Adding Tests and Nested Loops             List Comprehensions and Matrixes             Comprehending List Comprehensions      Iterators Revisited: Generators             Generator Function Example             Extended Generator Function Protocol: send Versus next             Iterators and Built-in Types             Generator Expressions: Iterators Meet List Comprehensions      Timing Iteration Alternatives      Function Design Concepts             Functions Are Objects: Indirect Calls      Function Gotchas             Local Names Are Detected Statically             Defaults and Mutable Objects             Functions Without returns             Enclosing Scope Loop Variables      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 377 Chapter Quiz 377             Quiz Answers Brain Builder: Part IV Exercises 379 Part V. Modules 18. Modules: The Big Picture      Why Use Modules?      Python Program Architecture             How to Structure a Program             Imports and Attributes             Standard Library Modules      How Imports Work             1. Find It             The module search path             The sys.path list             Module file selection             Advanced module selection concepts             2. Compile It (Maybe)             3. Run It      Chapter Summary Brain Builder 397 Chapter Quiz 397             Quiz Answers 19. Module Coding Basics      Module Creation      Module Usage             The import Statement             The from statement             The from * Statement             Imports Happen Only Onc