Normal lower limb alignment and joint orientation.- Malalignment and malorientation in the frontal plane.- Radiographic assessment of lower limb deformities.- Frontal plane mechanical and anatomic axis planning.- Osteotomy concepts.- Sagittal plane deformities.- Oblique plane deformities.- Translation and angulation-translation deformities.- Rotation and angulation-rotation deformities.- Length considerations.- Hardware and osteotomy considerations.- Six-Axis deformity analysis and correction.- Consequences of malalignment.- Malalignment due to ligamentous laxity of the knee.- Knee joint line deformity sources of malalignment.- Realignment for mono-compartment osteoarthritis of the knee.- Sagittal plane knee considerations.- Ankle and foot considerations.- Hip joint considerations.- Growth plate considerations.- Gait considerations.- Dynamic deformities and lever arm considerations.- TKR and total hip replacement.
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